A slide show viewing the cultural UNIVERSALS of france
Below shows the different aspects of the French culture.
Men Vs. WOmen
The men and women of France had very different roles in society. Although through time women have received many more opportunities for education and money, there still is a line that divides the men from the women; unpaid work. Women, no matter what decade we are in, are still expected to take care of the family while the husband works. France's focus on "Family rather than the individual" is what keeps most women from pursuing their careers. However, starting in the 1960's, child care services were established which made it a lot easier for women to work (Windebank, 2001). The men still had abundance of free time and the women less to none, but they could work the career or choice. For the most part at least.
(Windebank, Jan. 2001: http://www.tulane.edu/~rouxbee/soci626/france/gender_issues.htm)
(Windebank, Jan. 2001: http://www.tulane.edu/~rouxbee/soci626/france/gender_issues.htm)
The changing face of europe 1/1/1981
Membership of the EU reaches double figures when Greece joins. It has been eligible to join since its military regime was overthrown and democracy restored in 1974.
Orange: Member States: Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom.
Yellow : New Member State: Greece.
Orange: Member States: Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom.
Yellow : New Member State: Greece.
statistics about france
Language: French 88% (Official Lang.), German 3%, 1.7% Italian 7.3% Other.
Ethnic Groups: About 94% of the population holds French citizenship. Most of these citizens are of French ancestry, but there are also small groups of Flemings, Catalans, Germans, Armenians, Gypsies, Russians, Poles, and others. The largest resident alien groups are Algerians, Portuguese, Moroccans, Italians, Spaniards, Tunisians, and Turks.
Religion: 45% of French people claim to be Christians - most of them Catholics - while 35% claimed to have no religion, and just 3% proclaimed themselves as Muslims.
School Life Expectancy: Total: 16 years Male: 16 years
Female: 16 years (2011)
Literacy Rate: Definition: Age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99%
Male: 99%
Female: 99% (2003 est.)
References:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/countries/france.shtml
Copyright © 2014 Advameg, Inc : http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/France.html#ixzz3CtQ8DDUn
Copyright notice: Text & images © About-France.com 2003 - 2014: http://about-france.com/religion.htm#Religion
Cia Factbook,2009.: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2205.html
Cia Factbook,2009.: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html
Ethnic Groups: About 94% of the population holds French citizenship. Most of these citizens are of French ancestry, but there are also small groups of Flemings, Catalans, Germans, Armenians, Gypsies, Russians, Poles, and others. The largest resident alien groups are Algerians, Portuguese, Moroccans, Italians, Spaniards, Tunisians, and Turks.
Religion: 45% of French people claim to be Christians - most of them Catholics - while 35% claimed to have no religion, and just 3% proclaimed themselves as Muslims.
School Life Expectancy: Total: 16 years Male: 16 years
Female: 16 years (2011)
Literacy Rate: Definition: Age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99%
Male: 99%
Female: 99% (2003 est.)
References:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/countries/france.shtml
Copyright © 2014 Advameg, Inc : http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Europe/France.html#ixzz3CtQ8DDUn
Copyright notice: Text & images © About-France.com 2003 - 2014: http://about-france.com/religion.htm#Religion
Cia Factbook,2009.: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2205.html
Cia Factbook,2009.: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html
Fun facts about france
Religion in franceRacial & Ethnic Backgrounds In france |
**Highlight over slideshow to view more details. **
(Copyright NationMaster.com 2003-2014. http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/profiles/France) ------------------------------------------------------ <------------------------------- As you can see to my left, the biggest religion in France today would be Protestant <-------------------------------- - Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 10 September 2014 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American |
The picture to my left is a bar graph that shows the different races in France
<------------------------------------------------------------------------------
December 30, 2008: http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2k6/raceCigs/raceCigs.htm
traditional french food
Cassoulet: Cassoulet is a rich, slow-cooked bean stew or casserole originating in the southwest of France, containing meat (typically pork sausages, pork, goose, duck and sometimes mutton), pork skin (couennes) and white haricot beans.
Cassoulet comes from the Languedoc-Roussillon region of France and is named after a special kind of pot called 'cassole' or 'cassou' which was designed especially for french casseroles and was originally made in the village of Issel, near Castelnaudary. It was made from the red clay of the region and highly glazed.
Ingredients: * 1kg(2lb) of belly pork, rind removed and cut into large cubes,* 6 pieces of preserved goose or duck with its fat,
* 750g(1 1/2lbs) of dried white haricot beans, soaked in water overnight,
* 10 cloves of garlic,
* 4 tomatoes, peeled deseeded and chopped,
* 750g or 1 1/2lbs of toulouse smoked sausage,
* 4 lightly cured pork sausages,
* 1 tablespoon of tomato puree,
* 1 bayleaf, thyme and 1 pinch of powdered cloves,
* salt and pepper
* fresh breadcumbs
References:
http://videotour.sitesell.com/Angelina1.html1.html
http://www.traditionalfrenchfood.com/Languedoc-Roussillon.html
Cassoulet comes from the Languedoc-Roussillon region of France and is named after a special kind of pot called 'cassole' or 'cassou' which was designed especially for french casseroles and was originally made in the village of Issel, near Castelnaudary. It was made from the red clay of the region and highly glazed.
Ingredients: * 1kg(2lb) of belly pork, rind removed and cut into large cubes,* 6 pieces of preserved goose or duck with its fat,
* 750g(1 1/2lbs) of dried white haricot beans, soaked in water overnight,
* 10 cloves of garlic,
* 4 tomatoes, peeled deseeded and chopped,
* 750g or 1 1/2lbs of toulouse smoked sausage,
* 4 lightly cured pork sausages,
* 1 tablespoon of tomato puree,
* 1 bayleaf, thyme and 1 pinch of powdered cloves,
* salt and pepper
* fresh breadcumbs
References:
http://videotour.sitesell.com/Angelina1.html1.html
http://www.traditionalfrenchfood.com/Languedoc-Roussillon.html
culture slideshow
2 ADDITIONAL sources on the culture of france
1. http://www.everyculture.com/Cr-Ga/France.html
2. http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/france-country-profile.html
2. http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/france-country-profile.html
map of interesting cultural feature in france
Before the French Revolution, there were nearly 30 different dialects. Within these, there was in fact mainly Romance languages, some Germanic dialects, and 2 very different languages: Breton and Basque.
-- http://historum.com/european-history/49648-what-were-different-cultures-france-before-revolution.html --
Statistics
Document info, ((n.d.). Retrieved October 6, 2014, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html)
more statistics
In my first chart, it shows how many students were not enrolled in neither primary nor secondary school. In 2010 it shows that 30,743 children were not enrolled. It is never okay to take the opportunity to go to school away from a child. Every child should be able to learn and get schooling. If you take it back to 1975, there were 114,333 children not enrolled in school. Schooling has definitely improved greatly over time. My next chart showed the number of people living in France with HIV. In the year 2011, there were 160,000 people in France living with HIV. Taking it back to 1981 there were only 4,411 people living in France with HIV. Within 30 years the number grew 36x bigger! Finally, my third chart showed the percent of people 15 and older living in France that were unemployed. 2005, 9% of the population 15 and older were unemployed. In 1981, 7.4 of France's 15 and older population was unemployed. That means within 24 years, the unemployment rate of people 15 years and older increased by only 1.4% in France! Compared to other countries France's unemployment rate is low!
Resources
- Children not enrolled in Primary or Secondary school, (Share graph. (n.d.). Retrieved October 6, 2014, from http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;s)
- Number of people living in France with HIV, (Share graph. (n.d.). Retrieved October 6, 2014, from http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;s)
- Aged 15+ unemployment, (Share graph. (n.d.). Retrieved October 6, 2014, from http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;s)
Resources
- Children not enrolled in Primary or Secondary school, (Share graph. (n.d.). Retrieved October 6, 2014, from http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;s)
- Number of people living in France with HIV, (Share graph. (n.d.). Retrieved October 6, 2014, from http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;s)
- Aged 15+ unemployment, (Share graph. (n.d.). Retrieved October 6, 2014, from http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;s)
Religion in france
There are many different religions in France. Some of the main ones are Roman Catholic at 83-88%, Muslim is 5-10%, unaffiliated is 4%, Protestant at 2%, and Judaism at only 1%. Starting off with the biggest religion in France, Roman Catholic originated in the Roman-Latin Empire. It’s traced back to the 1st-5th centuries C.E. With the decline and fall of Rome in the 5th century, the Roman Church assumed both temporal and spiritual authority in the West; it thus had enormous influence on the development of the art and culture of the western world through the middle Ages. Today, its growth is fastest in Africa, South America and Asia which is surprising since they are the most populated religion in France. Up next we have Muslims. Islam originated in Arabian Peninsula in 622 CE. Islam is a monotheistic religious tradition that developed in the Middle East in the 7th century C.E. Islam, which literally means "surrender" or "submission," was founded on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad as an expression of surrender to the will of Allah, the creator and sustainer of the world. Unaffiliated are the people who don’t have a specific religion to their name, that’s only 4% of the population in France. Standing at 2% we have Protestant. Protestantism is one of the three major branches of Christianity, along with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. It started in Germany in the early 16th century. Lastly we have Judaism at a lonely 1%. Judaism is a religious tradition with origins dating back nearly four thousand years, rooted in the ancient near eastern region of Canaan near 2000 B.C.E (Patheos, 2008)
The culture of France and of the French people has been shaped by geography, by profound historical events, and by foreign and internal forces and groups. France, and in particular Paris, has played an important role as a center of high culture since the 17th century, first in Europe, and from the 19th century on, worldwide. The importance of French culture has waxed and waned over the centuries, depending on its economic, political and military importance. French culture today is marked both by great regional and socioeconomic differences and by strong unifying tendencies (World Religions, 2002).
Sacred Place (adj.): Made of declared holy; worthy of religious veneration. There are many sacred places in France. One of the main sacred places for the Roman Catholic religion is Chartres Cathedral in France. You can see if long before you even get near it, two spires, pointing heavenward across the fields. For quite a long while, you can’t see anything else of Chartres, although it is a busy town with all the usual spread of streets and shops and cars and buildings. But all you can see, for a good while as you drive, and for hours and hours if you are approaching on foot, is the two tall triangles, sticking up beyond the cornfields. A Muslims sacred place would be The Crusades. They were military campaigns sanctioned by the Latin Roman Catholic Church during the High Middle Ages and Late Middle Ages. In 1095 Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade with the stated goal of restoring Christian access to holy places in and near Jerusalem. A famous building called the Martyrs’ Memorial is a huge place where Protestants go. As the Reformation became a significant force in France, the Reformed Churches needed larger places of worship than the private homes where they used to meet. The Protestants first moved into public places, abbeys or convents, Catholic churches, and set about modifying them to meet their spiritual needs. Lastly a sacred place for the Jews in France is known as Haram Ash-Sharif on Temple Mount upon which sits the Dome of the Rock. It’s sacred to three of the world's major monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The site was first consecrated by the Israelites of Exodus (Patheos, 2008).
Freedom of religion in France is guaranteed by the constitutional rights set forth in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Since 1905 the French government has followed the principle of laïcité, in which the State does not recognize any official religion. Instead, it merely recognizes certain religious organizations, according to formal legal criteria that do not address religious doctrine. In return, religious organizations are to refrain from involvement in the State's policy-making. The 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which is considered by legal authorities to have equal legal standing with the Constitution of France, states: "No one may be questioned about his opinions, [and the] same [for] religious [opinions], provided that their manifestation does not trouble the public order established by the law." The French Republic has always recognized individuals rather than groups and holds that its citizens' first allegiance is to society in general and not to a particular group, religious or otherwise; the opposing attitude, known as communautarisme, is generally considered undesirable in political discourse in France. On the other hand, the state sees that it is also responsible to protect individuals from groups rather than to protect groups, religious or others (Goldman, 2008).
It surprised me to learn about the religions and cultures in France. My grandfather was born in Paris, France and my family is Jewish so to think that only 1% of the population is Jewish is interesting. Also the fact that the government does not play any type of role with religion is cool. I don’t think the government should have say as to what the religions do or say. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen reminds me a lot of the Declaration of Independence, but different of course. Altogether though, I thought France was a very diverse, fascinating country when it came to their beliefs and cultures.
The culture of France and of the French people has been shaped by geography, by profound historical events, and by foreign and internal forces and groups. France, and in particular Paris, has played an important role as a center of high culture since the 17th century, first in Europe, and from the 19th century on, worldwide. The importance of French culture has waxed and waned over the centuries, depending on its economic, political and military importance. French culture today is marked both by great regional and socioeconomic differences and by strong unifying tendencies (World Religions, 2002).
Sacred Place (adj.): Made of declared holy; worthy of religious veneration. There are many sacred places in France. One of the main sacred places for the Roman Catholic religion is Chartres Cathedral in France. You can see if long before you even get near it, two spires, pointing heavenward across the fields. For quite a long while, you can’t see anything else of Chartres, although it is a busy town with all the usual spread of streets and shops and cars and buildings. But all you can see, for a good while as you drive, and for hours and hours if you are approaching on foot, is the two tall triangles, sticking up beyond the cornfields. A Muslims sacred place would be The Crusades. They were military campaigns sanctioned by the Latin Roman Catholic Church during the High Middle Ages and Late Middle Ages. In 1095 Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade with the stated goal of restoring Christian access to holy places in and near Jerusalem. A famous building called the Martyrs’ Memorial is a huge place where Protestants go. As the Reformation became a significant force in France, the Reformed Churches needed larger places of worship than the private homes where they used to meet. The Protestants first moved into public places, abbeys or convents, Catholic churches, and set about modifying them to meet their spiritual needs. Lastly a sacred place for the Jews in France is known as Haram Ash-Sharif on Temple Mount upon which sits the Dome of the Rock. It’s sacred to three of the world's major monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The site was first consecrated by the Israelites of Exodus (Patheos, 2008).
Freedom of religion in France is guaranteed by the constitutional rights set forth in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Since 1905 the French government has followed the principle of laïcité, in which the State does not recognize any official religion. Instead, it merely recognizes certain religious organizations, according to formal legal criteria that do not address religious doctrine. In return, religious organizations are to refrain from involvement in the State's policy-making. The 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which is considered by legal authorities to have equal legal standing with the Constitution of France, states: "No one may be questioned about his opinions, [and the] same [for] religious [opinions], provided that their manifestation does not trouble the public order established by the law." The French Republic has always recognized individuals rather than groups and holds that its citizens' first allegiance is to society in general and not to a particular group, religious or otherwise; the opposing attitude, known as communautarisme, is generally considered undesirable in political discourse in France. On the other hand, the state sees that it is also responsible to protect individuals from groups rather than to protect groups, religious or others (Goldman, 2008).
It surprised me to learn about the religions and cultures in France. My grandfather was born in Paris, France and my family is Jewish so to think that only 1% of the population is Jewish is interesting. Also the fact that the government does not play any type of role with religion is cool. I don’t think the government should have say as to what the religions do or say. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen reminds me a lot of the Declaration of Independence, but different of course. Altogether though, I thought France was a very diverse, fascinating country when it came to their beliefs and cultures.
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RESOURCES FOR THE ESSAY
URI Kids :: World Religions. (n.d.). Retrieved November 13, 2014, from http://www.uri.org/kids/world.htm
Library. (n.d.). Retrieved November 13, 2014, from http://www.patheos.com/Library/Roman-Catholicism.html#ixzz3IukLVIyC
Avalon Project - Declaration of the Rights of Man - 1789. (n.d.). Retrieved November 13, 2014, from http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/rightsof.asp
URI Kids :: World Religions. (n.d.). Retrieved November 13, 2014, from http://www.uri.org/kids/world.htm
Library. (n.d.). Retrieved November 13, 2014, from http://www.patheos.com/Library/Roman-Catholicism.html#ixzz3IukLVIyC
Avalon Project - Declaration of the Rights of Man - 1789. (n.d.). Retrieved November 13, 2014, from http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/rightsof.asp
food industry
The French diet can be summed up in one sentence: eat small portions of high-quality foods less often. "American-sized servings are substantially larger than their Parisian counterparts," says Paul Rozin, PhD, a psychologist with the University of Pennsylvania. In one study, Rozin and colleagues found that a carton of yogurt in Philadelphia was 82% larger than a Paris yogurt; a soft drink was 52% larger, a hot dog 63% larger, and a candy bar 41% larger. Does size matter? Yes, say University of Pennsylvania researchers, who found that when given individual servings of snack foods, subjects tended to eat the same number of servings, no matter how big they were. The French love their food, but not the way Americans love food. The French sit down to three leisurely meals each day. Even their fast-food meals are lengthy compared to the typical American's. The French diet shuns processed foods in favor of anything fresh and real. Breakfast is small: bread, cereal, or yogurt with fruit and granola, and coffee. Lunch and dinner include small portions of meat, vegetables, and some type of starch, with a piece of cheese and coffee to finish off the meal. Foods that are a staple of the French diet include full-fat cheese and yogurt, butter, bread, fresh fruits and vegetables (often grilled or sautéed), small portions of meat (more often fish or chicken than red meat), wine, and dark chocolate (Kovacs, 2014)
Foie gras is one of the most popular and well-known delicacies in French cuisine and its flavour is described as rich, buttery, and delicate, unlike that of a regular duck or goose liver. It can be sold whole, or prepared into mousse, parfait, or pâté, and is typically served as an accompaniment to another food item, such as toast or steak. This fattened liver is produced by using a traditional technique known as Gavage, this is the force feeding of ducks and geese to fatten their livers to produce 'foie-gras-de-canard' or 'foie-gras-d'oie'. The technique of gavage dates as far back as 2500 BC, when the ancient Egyptians began keeping birds for food and deliberately fattened the birds through force-feeding. Today, France is by far the largest producer and consumer of this famous french food.
(http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/emeril-lagasse/seared-foie-gras-with-sauteed-apples-recipe.html)
food vs religion
When the French were mostly Christians they followed the prescriptions of the church: fish on Fridays, fasting or cutting out rich foods in Lent and only eating special foods like pancakes on Shrove Tuesday or Mid Lent. Certain regions have specialities which are made around the time of particular religious occasions like Saint Nicolas' day on the 6th December, or traditional foods on Christmas day but these are more traditional customs than dictates from the church. Nowadays that there is no particular hardship in eating fish this is eaten any day, and relatively few people change their diet for Lent. Now that the numbers of Muslims have grown considerably in France, some of these observe Islamic customs such as Ramadan, Halal meat and no pork based products. There are relatively few practicing Jews in France and whilst some may follow traditional Jewish religious customs , in general they eat the same diet as the rest of the nation with the exception of pork meat which is taboo. In the same way people of Indian origin who practice Hinduism do not eat beef. On the whole nowadays for the general population religion has very little influence on food, and it is very much up to individuals whether they observe their own religious rules or local customs in what they eat (People and Society of France, 2014)
Where did it come from?
When many Americans think of French cuisine the notion of expensive restaurants and French fries may come to mind. Like many Cuisines’ of foreign countries, French cuisine is much different then our own. It boasts its own rich history that evolved over time from the middle ages to present day. It has been revered as one of the world’s most refined culinary locations, and there are over 9,000 restraints in Paris alone. French cuisine has a rich history, and like many other native cuisines, French cuisine owes it development to brilliant chefs as well as the some helpful influences from neighboring countries. It can be assured that French cuisine will continue to evolve and change and that in years to come brilliant French culinary experts will continue to push the boundaries of the culinary world. Like many cultures it has taken many years for the French to perfect their cuisine, with each generation adding something new to the mix. Yet it is because of the chefs of the past generations that a country’s cuisine can develop to what it is now (Yaniga, 2010).
France is the largest agricultural producer in Europe. The French agrifood sector is known worldwide for its famous wines and dairy products. The agrifood industry is also contributing significantly to the health of French economy. France is one of the world’s biggest producers and exporters of food worldwide. By focusing on high quality products, importance of the land, and innovation, French agrifood industries are both modern and competitive.
Exports are vital for a dynamic sector’s performance. As 97% of food businesses are medium-sized ones, and 80% of them have never exported, new methods have been implemented to allow those small businesses to be able to export.
One of the major issues for the food industry today is the price of agricultural commodities. The market is not stable anymore, and businesses have to find a way to deal with this issue (French Agrifood Industry, 2014)
FUN FACT
The origin of French fries is Belgium, not France. According to some historians, potatoes were being fried by 1680 in the Meuse Valley of Belgium. Locals often ate small fried fish, when the river was frozen they used potatoes as a substitute. They used to cut potatoes lengthwise and fry them in oil to use them as a fish substitute (Positivemed, 2013)
France is the largest agricultural producer in Europe. The French agrifood sector is known worldwide for its famous wines and dairy products. The agrifood industry is also contributing significantly to the health of French economy. France is one of the world’s biggest producers and exporters of food worldwide. By focusing on high quality products, importance of the land, and innovation, French agrifood industries are both modern and competitive.
Exports are vital for a dynamic sector’s performance. As 97% of food businesses are medium-sized ones, and 80% of them have never exported, new methods have been implemented to allow those small businesses to be able to export.
One of the major issues for the food industry today is the price of agricultural commodities. The market is not stable anymore, and businesses have to find a way to deal with this issue (French Agrifood Industry, 2014)
FUN FACT
The origin of French fries is Belgium, not France. According to some historians, potatoes were being fried by 1680 in the Meuse Valley of Belgium. Locals often ate small fried fish, when the river was frozen they used potatoes as a substitute. They used to cut potatoes lengthwise and fry them in oil to use them as a fish substitute (Positivemed, 2013)
resources
- Feature, J. (n.d.). Popular Diets of the World: The French Diet. Retrieved November 17, 2014, from http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/the-french-diet
- People and Society of France. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2014, from http://www.journeymart.com/de/france-people-society.aspx
- History of French Cuisine. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2014, from http://www.personal.psu.edu/srh122/French.htm
- French Agrifood Industry. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2014, from http://www.frenchfoodintheus.org/spip.php?article4083
- 15 Interesting and Fun Facts about French FriesPositiveMed | Stay Healthy. Live Happy. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2014, from http://positivemed.com/2013/09/17/15-interesting-fun-facts-french-fries/
- People and Society of France. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2014, from http://www.journeymart.com/de/france-people-society.aspx
- History of French Cuisine. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2014, from http://www.personal.psu.edu/srh122/French.htm
- French Agrifood Industry. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2014, from http://www.frenchfoodintheus.org/spip.php?article4083
- 15 Interesting and Fun Facts about French FriesPositiveMed | Stay Healthy. Live Happy. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2014, from http://positivemed.com/2013/09/17/15-interesting-fun-facts-french-fries/